I am collaborating with ParticipationAI on finding out what would be an ideal model of stakeholder engagement in the life-cycle of public procurement of Artificial Intelligence.
So far, I’ve put together a collection of works related with AI in public Administration, in a very broad sense. Here it comes. All suggestions are welcome.
Working bibliography
Ada Lovelace Institute, AI Now Institute & Open Government Partnership (2021). Algorithmic Accountability for the Public Sector. London: Ada Lovelace Institute, AI Now Institute, Open Government.
Ada Lovelace Institute (2022). NMIP algorithmic impact assessment User guide. London: Ada Lovelace Institute.
Agencia Tributaria (2024). Estrategia de Inteligencia Artificial. Madrid: Agencia Tributaria.
AI Now Institute (2018). Algorithmic Accountability Policy Toolkit. New York: AINOW.
Ajuntament de Barcelona (2022). Definició de metodologies de treball i protocols per a la implementació de sistemes algorítmics. Llibre blanc. Barcelona: Ajuntament de Barcelona.
Ametic (2025). IA al Servicio de la Administración Pública Local. Madrid: Ametic.
Association for Progressive Communications, Article 19 & Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (2019). Global Information Society Watch 2019. Artificial Intelligence: Human Rights, Social Justice and Development. [online]: APC, Article 19, SIDA.
Autio, C., Cummings, K., Elliott, B.S. & Noveck, B.S. (2023). A Snapshot of Artificial Intelligence Procurement Challenges. New York: The GovLab.
Bono Roselló, N., Simonofski, A. & Castiaux, A. (2020). “Artificial intelligence for digital citizen participation: Design principles for a collective intelligence architecture”. In Government Information Quarterly, 39 (3). London: Elsevier.
Bradley, C., Wingfield, R. & Metzger, M. (2020). National Artificial Intelligence Strategies and Human Rights: A Review. London, Stanford: Global Partners Digital, Global Digital Policy Incubator.
Cardona Valles, M., Hernández Hidalgo, P., Peguera Poch, M. & Ruiz Martín, A.M. (Eds.) (2024). Desafíos actuales de la Inteligencia Artificial. Actas del XIX Congreso IDP 2024 (Internet, Derecho y Política). Barcelona: Edicions MIC.
Centre for AI and Digital Policy AI and Democratic Values Index 2025. A comprehensive review of AI policies and practices worldwide. Washington DC: Centre for AI and Digital Policy.
Cerrillo i Martínez, A., Bousta, R., Galindo Caldés, R. & Velasco Rico, C.I. (2020). La personalització dels serveis públics: la contribució de la intel·ligència artificial i les dades massives. EAPC Treballs de recerca, 2018. Barcelona: Escola d'Administració Pública de Catalunya.
Cerrillo i Martínez, A., Bousta, R., Galindo Caldés, R. & Velasco Rico, C.I. (2021). Guia per a la personalització dels serveis públics a través de la intel·ligència artificial. Estudis de Recerca Digitals, núm. 19. Barcelona: Escola d'Administració Pública de Catalunya.
CLAD (2023). Carta Iberoamericana de Inteligencia Artificial en la Administración Pública. Lima: CLAD.
Corbett, E., Denton, E. & Erete, S. (2023). Power and Public Participation in AI. EAAMO '23: Proceedings of the 3rd ACM Conference on Equity and Access in Algorithms, Mechanisms, and Optimizatio. New York: Association for Computing Machinery.
Cortés Abad, Ó. (2023). El reto de la IA en las AAPP: equilibrios entre tecnología y ciudadanía. Conferencia en el X Congreso NovaGob de Innovación Pública, 8 de noviembre de 2023. Madrid: Novagob.
Costanza-Chock, S., Raji, I.D. & Buolamwini, J. (2022). “Who Audits the Auditors? Recommendations from a field scan of the algorithmic auditing ecosystem”. In Association for Computing Machinery (Ed.), FAccT '22: Proceedings of the 2022 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, 1571-1583. New York: Association for Computing Machinery.
Council of Europe (2024a). Council of Europe Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law. Council of Europe Treaty Series – No. 225. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (2024b). Methodology for the Risk and Impact Assessment of Artificial Intelligence Systems from the point of view of Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law (HUDERIA Methodology). CAI(2024)16rev2. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
Criado, J.I., Sandoval-Almazan, R. & Gil-García, J.R. (2024). “Artificial intelligence and public administration: Understanding actors, governance, and policy from micro, meso, and macro perspectives”. In Public Policy and Administration, First published online August 14, 2024. London: SAGE Publications.
Delgado, F., Yang, S., Madaio, M. & Yang, Q. (2023). “The Participatory Turn in AI Design: Theoretical Foundations and the Current State of Practice”. In Association for Computing Machinery (Ed.), EAAMO '23: Proceedings of the 3rd ACM Conference on Equity and Access in Algorithms, Mechanisms, and Optimization, Article No.: 37, 1 – 23. New York: Association for Computing Machinery.
Duboc, L., Betz, S., Penzenstadler, B., Kocak, S.A., Chitchyan, R. & Leifler, O. (2019). Do we Really Know What we are Building? Raising Awareness of Potential Sustainability Effects of Software Systems in Requirements Engineering. 2019 IEEE 27th International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE) pp. 6-16. Jeju: IEEE/ACM.
Dunleavy, P. & Margetts, H. (2024). “Data science, artificial intelligence and the third wave of digital era governance”. In Public Policy and Administration, First published online August 14, 2024. London: SAGE Publications.
Eaves, D. & Rao, K. (2025). Digital Public Infrastructure: a framework for conceptualisation and measurement. UCL Institute for Innovation and Public Purpose, Working Paper Series (IIPP WP 2025-01). London: UCL Institute for Innovation and Public Purpose.
Ernst & Young (2020). Inteligencia Artificial en el Sector Público. Madrid: Microsoft.
European Commission (2020). White paper on Artificial Intelligence. A European approach to excellence and trust. COM(2020) 65 final. Brussels: European Commission.
European Commission (2025a). AI Continent Action Plan. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. COM(2025) 165 final. Brussels: European Commission.
European Commission (2025b). Model Contractual Clauses for the public procurement of AI (MCC-AI). Version February 2025 – Commentary. Brussels: European Commission.
European Commission (2025c). Model contractual clauses for the public procurement of High-Risk AI (‘MCC-AI-High-Risk’). Version February 2025 – Procurement of High-Risk AI. Brussels: European Commission.
European Commission (2025d). Model contractual clauses for the public procurement of Non-High-Risk AI (‘MCC-AI-High-Light’). Version February 2025 – Procurement of Non-High-Risk AI. Brussels: European Commission.
European Parliament (2024). Artificial intelligence act. Briefing 02-09-2024. Brussels: European Parliament.
Ford Foundation (2023). A Guiding Framework for Vetting Technology Vendors Operating in the Public Sector. New York: Ford Foundation.
Fundació Irla (Ed.) (2020). La democràcia en l’era de la Intel·ligència Artificial. Eines Irla 39. Barcelona: Fundació Irla.
Gilman, M. (2023). Democratizing AI: Principles for Meaningful Public Participation. New York: Data & Society.
Gobierno de Chile (2023). Bases administrativas para la adquisición de proyectos de Ciencia de Datos e Inteligencia Artificial. Santiago de Chile: Gobierno de Chile.
Government of the Netherlands (2022). Fundamental Rights and Algorithms Impact Assessment (FRAIA). Amsterdam: Government of the Netherlands.
Grimmelikhuijsen, S. & Tangi, L. (2024). What factors influence perceived AI adoption by public managers? – A survey among public managers in seven EU countries. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
Hickok, M. (2024). “Public procurement of artificial intelligence systems: new risks and future proofing”. In AI & Society, (39), 1213-1227. Boston: Springer.
High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence (2019). Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI. Brussels: European Commission.
Hintz, A., Dencik, L., Redden, J., Treré, E., Brand, J. & Warne, H. (2022). Civic Participation in the Datafied Society: Towards Democratic Auditing?. Cardiff: Data Justice Lab.
Hu, W. & Singh, R. (2024). Enrolling Citizens: A Primer on Archetypes of Democratic Engagement with AI. New York: Data & Society.
IEEE (2025). IEEE Approved Draft Standard for the Procurement of Artificial Intelligence and Automated Decision Systems. Chicago: IEEE.
Innerarity, D. (2024). Artificial Intelligence and Democracy. Paris: UNESCO.
Jiménez Arandia, P. (2023). Algorithmic transparency in the public sector. Barcelona: Generalitat de Catalunya.
Jiménez Arandia, P. (2024). Algoritmes i Intel·ligència Artificial al Sector Públic: Recomanacions des de la Justícia global. Barcelona: Lafede.cat.
Lammert, D., Abdullai, L., Betz, S. & Porras, J. (2023). “Sustainability for Artificial Intelligence Products and Services – Initial How-to for IT Practitioners”. In Bui, T.X. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 56th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 6570-6579. January 3-6, 2023. Waikoloa Village: University of Hawaii.
Localret (2023a). Definició de metodologies de treball i protocols per a la implementació de sistemes algorítmics. Barcelona: Localret.
Localret (2023b). Garanties i principis de la intel·ligència artificial generativa en l’administració local. Guia ràpida. Barcelona: Localret.
Maas, M., Flynn, C. & Fischer, S. (2020). Reading Guide for the Global Politics of Artificial Intelligence. v.0.98. Oxford: Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford.
Maslej, N., Fattorini, L., Perrault, R., Gil, Y., Parli, V., Kariuki, N., Capstick, E., Reuel, A., Brynjolfsson, E., Etchemendy, J., Ligett, K., Lyons, T., Manyika, J., Niebles, J.C., Shoham, Y., Wald, R., Walsh, T., Hamrah, A., Santarlasci, L., Lotufo, J.B., Rome, A., Shi, A. & Oak, S. (2025). The AI Index 2025 Annual Report. Stanford: AI Index Steering Committee, Institute for Human-Centered AI, Stanford University.
Miller, C.L. & Waters, G. (2023a). AI Procurement: Essential Considerations in Contracting. Lewes: Center for Inclusive Change.
Miller, C.L. & Waters, G. (2023b). AI Procurement: Explainability Best Practices. Lewes: Center for Inclusive Change.
Miller, C.L. & Waters, G. (2024). Risk Management Framework for AI Procurement. Lewes: Center for Inclusive Change.
Miller, C.L. (2025). AI Procurement: Evaluating synthetic data used in AI systems. Lewes: Center for Inclusive Change.
Ministerio para la Transformación Digital y de la Función Pública (2024). Estrategia de Inteligencia Artificial 2024. Madrid: Ministerio para la Transformación Digital y de la Función Pública.
Ministerio para la Transformación Digital y de la Función Pública (2025a). Anteproyecto de Ley para el buen uso y la gobernanza de la Inteligencia Artificial. Madrid: Ministerio para la Transformación Digital y de la Función Pública.
Ministerio para la Transformación Digital y de la Función Pública (2025b). Anteproyecto de Ley para el buen uso y la gobernanza de la Inteligencia Artificial. Memoria de análisis del impacto normativo. Madrid: Ministerio para la Transformación Digital y de la Función Pública.
Mitchell, M., Wu, S., Zaldivar, A., Barnes, P., Vasserman, L., Hutchinson, B., Spitzer, E., Raji, I.D. & Gebru, T. (2019). “Model Cards for Model Reporting”. In Association for Computing Machinery (Ed.), FAT* '19: Proceedings of the Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, 220 – 229. New York: Association for Computing Machinery.
Morales, T., Cacciapalia, A., Rodríguez Maroto, P. & Mayol, A. (2025). La inteligencia artificial en el Sector Público: una oportunidad única para transformar los servicios públicos. [online]: LinkedIn.
OECD (2019). Artificial Intelligence in Society. Paris: OECD Publishing.
OECD (2021). OECD Framework for the Classification of AI systems. OECD Digital Economy Papers, No. 323. Paris: OECD Publishing.
OECD (2024). Assessing potential future artificial intelligence risks, benefits and policy imperatives. OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers, No. 27. Paris: OECD Publishing.
OECD & UNESCO (2024). G7 Toolkit for Artificial Intelligence in the Public Sector. OECD Public Governance Reviews. Paris: OECD Publishing.
OECD Council (2024). OECD Recommendation of the Council on Artificial Intelligence. Amended on 03/05/2024. Paris: OECD.
Office for Artificial Intelligence & Government Digital Service (2020). A guide to using artificial intelligence in the public sector. London: Government Digital Service.
Office for Artificial Intelligence (2020). Guidelines for AI procurement. A summary of best practice addressing specific challenges of acquiring Artificial Intelligence technologies in government (Version 1.7X). London: Government Digital Service.
Okaibedi, D., Wakunuma, K. & Akintoye, S. (2023). Responsible AI in Africa. Challenges and Opportunities. Cham: Palgrave MacMillan.
Oliver, N. (2020). Inteligencia artificial, naturalmente. Un manual de convivencia entre humanos y máquinas para que la tecnología nos beneficie a todos. Pensamiento para la sociedad digital, número 1. Madrid: ONTSI.
Oxford Insights (2024). Government AI Readiness Index 2024. Malvern: Oxford Insights.
Pedreño Muñoz, A., González Gosálbez, R., Mora Illán, T., Pérez Fernández, E.d.M., Ruiz Sierra, J. & Torres Penalva, A. (2024). La inteligencia artificial en las universidades: retos y oportunidades. Alicante: 1millionbot.
Pénicaud, S. (2024). Responsible Use of Decision-Making Algorithms in the Public Sector: a Case Study Approach. Paris: SciencesPo.
Ponce Solé, J. (2019). “Inteligencia artificial, Derecho administrativo y reserva de humanidad: algoritmos y procedimiento administrativo debido tecnológico”. In Revista General de Derecho Administrativo, 50. Madrid: Iustel.
Ramió Matas, C. (2019). Inteligencia artificial y Administración pública. Robots y humanos compartiendo el servicio público. Madrid: Catarata.
Sánchez-Graells, A. (2024). Digital Technologies and Public Procurement. Gatekeeping and Experimentation in Digital Public Governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Skålén, P., Bankel, R. & Kaluza, J. (2025). “Citizens engaging in public service provision: value co-creation or hard work?”. In Public Management Review, Published online: 28 Mar 2025, 1-21. London: Routledge.
Sloane, M., Moss, E., Awomolo, O. & Forlano, L. (2020). “Participation is not a Design Fix for Machine Learning”. In Daumé, H.C. & Singh, A. (Eds.), ICML'20: Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Machine Learning. Volume 119. New York: JMLR.
Sloane, M., Chowdhury, R., Havens, J.C., Lazovich, T. & Rincón Alba, L.C. (2021). AI and Procurement. A primer
Storydata (Coord.) (2020). Les dades obertes i la intel·ligència artificial, eines per a la igualtat de gènere. Govern Obert; 7. Barcelona: Generalitat de Catalunya.
Sulastri, R., Janssen, M., van de Poel, I. & Ding, A.Y. (2024). “Transforming towards inclusion-by-design: Information system design principles shaping data-driven financial inclusiveness”. In Government Information Quarterly, 41 (4). London: Elsevier.
UNCTAD (2025). Technology and Innovation Report 2025. Inclusive Artificial Intelligence for Development. Geneva: UNCTAD.
UNESCO (2022). Recommendation on the ethics of artificial intelligence. Adopted on 23 November 2021. Paris: OECD Publishing.
United Nations Office for Digital and Emerging Technologies & UNDP (2024). The Universal Digital Public Infrastructure Safeguards Framework. Geneva: Digital Public Infrastructure Safeguards.
US Government (2025a). Accelerating federal use of AI through innovation, governance, and public trust. M-25-21. Washington: Executive Office of the President.
US Government (2025b). Driving Efficient Acquisition of Artificial Intelligence in Government. M-25-22. Washington: Executive Office of the President.
US Government (2021). Artificial Intelligence: An Accountability Framework for Federal Agencies and Other Entities. GAO-21-519SP. Washington: Executive Office of the President.
World Economic Forum (2020a). AI Procurement in a Box. AI Government Procurement Guidelines. June 2020. Geneva: World Economic Forum.
World Economic Forum (2020b). AI Procurement in a Box. Challenges & Opportunities. June 2020. Geneva: World Economic Forum.
World Economic Forum (2020c). AI Procurement in a Box. Pilot case studies from the United Kingdom. June 2020. Geneva: World Economic Forum.
World Economic Forum (2020d). AI Procurement in a Box. Project overview. June 2020. Geneva: World Economic Forum.
World Economic Forum (2020e). AI Procurement in a Box. Workbook. June 2020. Geneva: World Economic Forum.
World Economic Forum (2022). Unpacking AI Procurement in a Box: Insights from Implementation (Pilot: Brazil). May 2022. Geneva: World Economic Forum, Brazil Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution.
If you need to cite this article in a formal way (i.e. for bibliographical purposes) I dare suggest:
Peña-López, I. (2025) “Working bibliography on public procurement of Artificial Intelligence (updated)” In ICTlogy,
#258, March 2025. Barcelona: ICTlogy.
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